During initial days of computing, software was largely developed by small groups of people. When this software was to be maintained by another set of people, it used to be a nightmarish experience. When large commercial projects were to be handled, it used to be analmost impossible task to keep the time and budget under control, and projects used to get delayed and many projects were abandoned halfway. There was no systematic procedure forthe software development; everything was done on ad hoc basis. This ad hoc approach led tothe 'software crisis'.

Over the last few decades there has been a tremendous growth in information technologyand its impact on everyday life. Complex software systems have become critical to theoperation of many systems in areas such as banking, communications, manufacturing,power generation, and transportation. Progress in computer science and accumulated experience with industrial production of software have led to the emergence of software engineering as a separate discipline. The software engineering discipline has been defined as"the application of systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approaches to the development,operation, and maintenance of software. " that is, the application of engineering to software .

The computer science discipline concerns with developing large applications. Software engineering covers not only the technical aspects of building software systems, but also management issues, such as directing programming teams, scheduling, and budgeting.

For developing a software product, the development process is divided into differentstages. A convenient way of splitting the whole process is to divide the development into thefollowing five stages:

Requirements Analysis & Specification: define the system requirements in detail

Design: specify system architecture and modules in detail

Coding: produce source code

Testing: deal with unit testing and system testing

Maintenance: fix bugs, enhance features and adapt across platforms.

{二)Tell whether the following statements are true (T ) or false ( F) according to the passage A.

(根据上立的内容判断下列句子的正误。 )

36. During initial days of the development of software, everything was done in discipline. ( )

37. The definition of software engineering is "the application of systematic, disciplined,quantifiable approaches to the development, operation, and maintenance of software. " ( )

38. For developing a software product, you need design, coding and testing. ( )

39. software engineering is the application of engineering to software. ( )

40. Software engineering only covers the technical aspects of building software systems. ( )　.